In cases where sexual matters are involved, the phrase can refer to rape,61 same-gender sexual intercourse,62 and pederasty.63 In the present case it most likely refers to female same-gender sexual activities. That is not said explicitly in 1:26, but the fact that the next verse begins with “and likewise” (ὁμοίως τε καί) and speaks of same-gender sexual relationships between men gives specificity to 1:26.64 But the question remains whether that which is considered “unnatural” is same-gender activity
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